PMC

Dollar fund flow comparison. This figure shows the average Dollar Fund Flow of all Canadian Fixed Income, Canadian Equity, and Global Fixed Income funds from January 2000–September 2018. The breakdown of each category can be found in the . The highlighted areas within the graphs indicate different crisis periods. The Dotcom bubble (Q2.2001 - Q4.2001), Global financial crisis (Q.42007; Bedendo and Bruno ), and Euro-Sovereign debt crisis (Q2.2011 - Q1.2013; Leite and Armada ). Relative to Canadian funds, we see Global Fixed Income funds experiencing a greater drop in fund flow during the financial crisis and the euro-sovereign debt crisis, but a greater increase during the dotcom bubble. Source: Fundata Canada Inc.

Flow and return 2000 to 2018. Rate of Monthly Returns compared to the ten year (10Y) bond, three month (3M) Bond indexes, and median Fund Flow. The figure plots the average rate of return for Fixed Income Funds and Bond yields from 2000 to 2018 against the primary axis (left-side). The blue line represents the return of Canadian Fixed Income Funds. The red line is the three month Government Canadian Bond Yields. And the yellow line represents the ten year Government Canadian Bond Yield. The bar chart represents the median Dollar Fund Flow of Fixed Income Funds from 2000 to 2018 plotted against the secondary axis in $MM (right-side). As the scales are different for yield and flow, it was necessary to plot the data differently for clarity and visual purposes. The average returns for the 10Y-Bond, 3M-Bond, and Fixed Income Fund are 3.40%, 2.00 and 0.003%, respectively. The average dollar fund flow is −35.31 $MM, representing an outflow. Source: Fundata Canada Inc.; Statistic Canada (); Bank of Canada ()

(A) Estimated fixed cost as a function of county income. The solid blue line displays fixed cost in the healthy food sector, K_H(y), and the dashed black line displays fixed cost in the other food sector, K_U(y). (B) Share of the price due to fixed cost, in percent, as a function of individual income and computed as /P_z,ij, with z ∈ {H, U}.

Percentage of students with fixed and growth mindsets as a function of family income. Percentages do not add up to 100 at each income decile because, for clarity, only fixed mindset and growth mindset (not mixed mindset) students are included. However, we note that the percentage of mixed mindset students consistently fell in between the two other groups. Families reported their income by selecting one income range from a list. Some income deciles are missing because on the questionnaires, parents were not offered an income choice corresponding to that decile.